1 Grant Medical College & JJ group Of Hospitals, Mumbai, India
Srirupa Biswas
Srirupa Biswas, Sankha Dasgupta, Moumita Majumder Bhowmick, Smriti Gupta, et.al (2023), Impact of Appropriate Antibiotics within 1hr of Partients Admission, Archives of Urology and Nephrology.2(1). DOI: 10.58489/2836-5828/006
© 2023 Srirupa Biswas, this is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
antibiotics; patients' outcome; review
An antibiotic is a type of antimicrobial substance active against bacteria. It is the most important type of antibacterial agent for fighting bacterial infections, and antibiotic medications are widely used in the treatment and prevention of such infections.[1][2] They may either kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria. A limited number of antibiotics also possess antiprotozoal activity.[3][4] Antibiotics are not effective against viruses such as the common cold or influenza;[5] drugs which inhibit viruses are termed antiviral drugs or antivirals rather than antibiotics.
An antibiotic is a type of antimicrobial substance active against bacteria. It is the most important type of antibacterial agent for fighting bacterial infections, and antibiotic medications are widely used in the treatment and prevention of such infections[1-2. They may either kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria. A limited number of antibiotics also possess antiprotozoal activity [3-4]. Antibiotics are not effective against viruses such as the common cold or influenza; [5] drugs which inhibit viruses are termed antiviral drugs or antivirals rather than antibiotics.
Sometimes, the term antibiotic—literally "opposing life", from the Greek roots ἀντι anti, "against" and βίος bios, "life"—is broadly used to refer to any substance used against microbes, but in the usual medical usage, antibiotics (such as penicillin) are those produced naturally (by one microorganism fighting another), whereas non-antibiotic antibacterial (such as sulfonamides and antiseptics) are fully synthetic. However, both classes have the same goal of killing or preventing the growth of microorganisms, and both are included in antimicrobial chemotherapy. "Antibacterial" include antiseptic drugs, antibacterial soaps, and chemical disinfectants, whereas antibiotics are an important class of antibacterial used more specifically in medicine [6] and sometimes in livestock feed.
Antibiotics have been used since ancient times. Many civilizations used topical application of moldy bread, with many references to its beneficial effects arising from ancient Egypt, Nubia, China, Serbia, Greece, and Rome.[7] The first person to directly document the use of molds to treat infections was John Parkinson (1567–1650). Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century. Alexander Fleming (1881–1955) discovered modern day penicillin in 1928, the widespread use of which proved significantly beneficial during wartime. However, the effectiveness and easy access to antibiotics have also led to their overuse[8] and some bacteria have evolved resistance to them [1][9][10][11]. The World Health Organization has classified antimicrobial resistance as a widespread "serious threat [that] is no longer a prediction for the future, it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone, of any age, in any country".[12] Global deaths attributable to antimicrobial resistance numbered 1.27 million in 2019.[13]
Sepsis Campaign Guidelines 2012 and 2015 update
Kumar et al, 2006
Gaieski et al, 2010
Puskarich et al, 2011
Ferrer et al, 2014
De Groot et al, 2015
Sterling et al, 2015
Garnacho-Montero et al, 2015
Siriwimon Tantarattanapong et al,2021
Early antibiotics may:
Search strategy:
The data search was performed on July 22, 2022 till November 28, 2022 in AMRI HOSPITAL -DHAKURIA, we conducted a prospective study of adult patients in ICU ward. Records screened “Patient who are present in ICU for more than 24 hours with antibiotics”. The ICU ward which was included in the study was ICU-2 with 11 beds, ICU -3 with 12 beds, ICU -7 with 9 beds and NS-ICU with 8 beds. Ethical approval was obtained from the institutional review board. Demographic, clinical, and study data were recorded from charts through the electronic medical.
Data extraction and eligibility criteria:
Patients were excluded if they met any of the following criteria
Patient repots inclusion criteria: -
Patient characteristics:
We recorded information on the selection of patients, inclusion criteria, the duration and time period of the study, the setting (intensive care units), the study design and the total number of patients received antibiotics. We also extracted data on other key study characteristics such as the set point intervals used for assessing the timing and impact of antibiotic therapy, the assessment of the appropriateness of antibiotic therapy and the study endpoints. Criteria used for the analysis of antibiotic appropriateness were based on in vitro susceptibility of causative pathogens in case of microbiologically-documented infections or on antibiotic therapy management guidelines in case of clinically-documented infections.
Outcome measures:
The primary outcome was all-cause mortality and length of stay (ICU & hospital) at the time points reported in the study. Such as INP number, gender, age, admission status (time) cause of admission, date of admission, name of antibiotic ,use of antibiotic number hour of admission, Time of antibiotic received, ITU stay, ITU outcome, Hospital outcome, Total stay, use of mechanical ventilation, Number of day on mechanical ventilation, APACHE IV, SOFA, Co-morbidities (Hypertension, II diabetes, Renal disease, Malignancy, Lung disease, Liver disease, Cancer, Heart disease, Other comorbidities),blood culture, urine culture, sputum culture, appropriate antibiotics , mortality.
Statistical Analysis
The outcome of this study was the association of clinical outcomes of infection with early antibiotics use. For the purposes of this study, early antibiotics use was defined as the time interval from ICU triage to the administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics within one hour. Those who received antibiotic administration more than one hour from ICU triage will be classified as having late antibiotics use. Broad-spectrum antibiotics referred to antibiotics that were effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. In the included data, broad-spectrum antibiotics referred to b-lactamase-inhibit penicillin combined with third-generation cephalosporins. We applied the T-test to hospital length of stay and used chi-square to determine the correlation of early antibiotics use to mortality, mechanical ventilation support, and ICU admission. ICU admission was defined as direct admission to the ICU from the ED. We also performed factor analysis regarding the timing of antibiotics administration, including patients’ gender, age, vital signs at ICU triage, clinical symptoms.
The final sample size was 145 patients in the study. Continuous data are demonstrated as median with mean ± standard deviation. Categorical data are presented as number and percentages. The Pearson’s chi-squared test was performed on categorical data for the primary outcome. The chi-square test was used for the analysis and to compare mortality and antibiotic received time interval at ≤1 hour and received beyond the first hour. A two-sided p- value <0>
Ethical approval
Apps used for sofa calculation is MDCalc
Result
Characteristics of the study population:
There was a total of 145 patients (n=145) admitted during study period. 63, 43.4% patients were admitted receive antibiotic were female and the rest 82, 56.6% male received antibiotic. Male patients received antibiotic within one hour 26, 52.0 % and male patients received more than one hour 56, 58.9%. Female patients received antibiotic within one hour is 24, 48.0% and Female patients received antibiotic more than one hour is 39,41.1%. (Figure 1). There was no significant difference in the gender of the patients as the p value is > 0.05 the P value is 0.422 The patients age group was divided into 7 groups 31-40 (patients received antibiotic within one hour 0,0.0% and patients received more than one hour 5,5.3%) ,41-50(patients received antibiotic within one hour 2,4.0% and patients received more than one hour 6,6.3%) 51-60(patients received antibiotic within one hour 10,20.0% and patients received more than one hour 17,17.9%),61-70 (patients received antibiotic within one hour 13,26.0% and patients received more than one hour 33, 34.7%),71-80 (patients received antibiotic within one hour 17, 34.0% and patients received more than one hour 24,25.3%),81-90 (patients received antibiotic within one hour 8,16.0% and patients received more than one hour 9,9.5%),91-100 (patients received antibiotic within one hour 0,0.0% and patients received more than one hour 1,1.1%). There was no significant difference in the age of the patients as the p value is > 0.05 the P value is 0.378. The mean APACHE IV score of patients received antibiotic within one hour 77.70 and patients received more than one hour 76.28 and the mean SOFA patients received antibiotic within one hour 3.52 and patients received antibiotic more than one hour 3.53. There was no significant difference in the APACHE IV score of the patients as the p value is > 0.05 the P value is 0.469. There was no significant difference in the SOFA score of the patients as the p value is > 0.05 the P value is 0.846. The baseline characteristics of the study population are described in Table 1.
Characteristics | Patients received antibiotic < 1> | Patients received antibiotic > 1 hour | P value |
Age, mean ± SD | 69.66±11.68 | 66.06±12.50 | 0.115 |
Gender, n (%) | |||
Male | 52.0% | 58.9% | 0.422 |
Female | 48.0% | 41.1% | |
APACHE IV score, mean ± SD | 77.70±19.71 | 76.28±16.05 | 0.469 |
OFA score, mean ± SD | 3.52±0.93 | 3.53±0.83 | 0.846 |
Table 1. Showing the baseline characteristics of the study population.
GENDER | Frequency | Percent |
FEMALE | 63 | 43.4 |
MALE | 82 | 56.6 |
Total | 145 | 100.0 |
AGE | Frequency | Percent |
31-40 | 5 | 3.4 |
41-50 | 8 | 5.5 |
51-60 | 27 | 18.6 |
61-70 | 46 | 31.7 |
71-80 | 41 | 28.3 |
81-90 | 17 | 11.7 |
91-100 | 1 | .7 |
Total | 145 | 100.0 |
The Co-morbidities are another variable which impact the study frequency and percentage are calculation also hypertension is a common co-morbidities 115 ,79.3%, diabetes 71,49%, renal disease 3,2.1% lung disease 6,4.1% heart disease 9,6.2%. (Table 2) There was no significant difference in the co-morbidities of the patients as the p value is > 0.05 but in case of hypertension the p value is > 0.05, P value is 0.045. (Figure 2)
CO-MORBIDITICS DIABETES | Frequency | Percent |
NO | 74 | 51.0 |
YES | 71 | 49.0 |
Total | 145 | 100.0 |
CO-MORBIDITICS HPERTENSION | Frequency | Percent |
NO | 30 | 20.7 |
YES | 115 | 79.3 |
Total | 145 | 100.0 |
CO-MORBIDITICS LUNG DISEASE | Frequency | Percent |
NO | 139 | 95.9 |
YES | 6 | 4.1 |
Total | 145 | 100.0 |
CO-MORBIDITICS RENAL DISEASE | Frequency | Percent |
NO | 142 | 97.9 |
YES | 3 | 2.1 |
Total | 145 | 100.0 |
CO-MORBIDITICS HEART DISEASE | Frequency | Percent |
NO | 136 | 93.8 |
YES | 9 | 6.2 |
Total | 145 | 100.0 |
Co-morbidities, n (%) | Patients received antibiotic < 1> | Patients received antibiotic > 1 hour | P value |
Hypertension | 70.0% | 84.2% | 0.045 |
Diabetes | 48.0% | 49.5% | 0.866 |
Renal disease | 2.0% | 2.1% | 0.966 |
Lung disease | 8.0% | 2.1% | 0.090 |
Heart disease | 4.0% | 7.4% | 0.424 |
Cause of admission In ICU department:
During our study period, the hospital had 145 cases from July 22, 2022 till November 28, 2022 in that female 63, 43.4% and male 82, 56.6%. The cause of admission of patient was maximum was for respiratory and lung disease 30, 2.1% kidney disease 17, 11.9
In this prospective observational study patient with age greater then 18 years old were Included and patient from any department to ICU department cause of admission is independent of any disease, door-to-antibiotic time was not associated with in-hospital mortality. Sterling et al. (18) found no significant differences when comparing the antibiotic administration within 3 hours from ED triage and within 1 hour from septic shock recognition. Door-to-antibiotic time and in-hospital mortality were the main focuses of this study, which showed that each extra hour (relative to door-to-antibiotic time ≤1 hour) was not associated with an increase in the mortality rate. The highest mortality rate in this study was in the door-to-antibiotic group of >1hours. Likewise, Peltan et al. (22) found that a door-to-antibiotic time cutoff of 3 hours was associated with mortality, but a cutoff of 1 hour did not show statistical significance. When the door-to-antibiotic times of ≤1 hour and >1hour were compared, the ≤1-hour group had greater severity of illnesses based on the ESI level and NEWS. For this reason, the door-to-antibiotic time of ≤1 hour had a higher mortality rate than the patients who received antibiotics later. The SSC guideline recommends antibiotic initiation within 1 hour. Nonetheless, many studies showed failure to achieve that goal. For instance, Abe et al. (23) found that 30.5% of cases received antibiotics within 1 hour. Ko et al. (24) revealed that the 1-hour target was achieved in 28.6% of septic shock patients treated in the EU. In this study, 48, 96.0%. of the patients received antibiotics within 1 hour and treated in ICU department.
During our study period, the hospital had 145 cases from July 22, 2022 till November 28, 2022 in that female 63,43.4% and male 82, 56.6%. The patients age group was divided into 7 groups 31-40,41-50,51-60,61-70,71-80,81-90,91-100 in which 61-70 maximum patient were admitted in hospital 46,31.7% and minimum patient admitted in hospital age group is 91-100 in hospital 1,0.7%. The cause of admission of patient was maximum was for respiratory and lung disease 30,2.1% kidney disease 17, 11.9 In my study it is demonstrated that gram-negative bacteria remains the major pathogen as has been demonstrated in most ICUs in India. Mortality of the patients were grouped into two groups, antibiotic received within one hour and other major group is antibiotic received more than one hour. The antibiotic received within one hour is sub group into antibiotic (death 2,4.0% and discharge 48,96.0%) and antibiotic received within more than one hour antibiotic (10,10.5 Number of patient population is small. The Sensitive % was not calculated. The study says the impact of appropriate antibiotics within 1hour of patient’s admission and the culuture report takes 3 days so Antibiotics were compared with antibiotic policy it complies with the antibiotic drug list provide with the list with organism (Document: AMRI/DHK/HIC/POL/02 effective 15/09/2022) all are appropriate so we can conclude that antibiotic which were received against the Organism Antibiotic susceptibility.Conclusion
Limitations